@Article{RoratoVitorEscCamPicVer:2022:EnVuAs,
               author = "Rorato Vitor, Ana Cl{\'a}udia and Escada, Maria Isabel Sobral and 
                         Camara, Gilberto and Picoli, Michelle Cristina Ara{\'u}jo and 
                         Verstegen, J. A.",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Universit{\'e} Catholique de 
                         Louvain} and {Wageningen University}",
                title = "Environmental vulnerability assessment of Brazilian Amazon 
                         Indigenous Lands",
              journal = "Environmental Science and Policy",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "129",
                pages = "19--36",
                month = "Mar.",
             keywords = "Amazon, Environmental change, Indigenous lands, Indigenous 
                         peoples, Vulnerability assessment.",
             abstract = "Amazonian Indigenous Lands (ILs) are human-environment systems 
                         facing a multitude of environmental threats. Yet, the resulting 
                         vulnerability of these systems are to date unknown. We adopt the 
                         theoretical vulnerability framework of the IPCC to assess the 
                         environmental vulnerability of Brazilian Amazon ILs for two 
                         periods (20012010 and 20112019) and overall (20012019). 
                         Vulnerability is deemed a function of exposure (EX), sensitivity 
                         (SE) and adaptive capacity (AC) of a system to threats. 
                         Sensitivity (threats within IL) and exposure (threats in IL's 
                         buffer zones) indicators are changes in forest cover, economic 
                         activities, and road access, quantified using data of 
                         deforestation, forest degradation, land-use, fire, roads and 
                         mining. Adaptive capacity indicators represent Indigenous 
                         self-organization, education and access to knowledge, land 
                         ownership, external incomes, and institutional arrangement. We 
                         find a concentration of ILs with high vulnerability in the Arc of 
                         Deforestation and South, and advancing in Par{\'a} and Roraima 
                         states. A strong relationship (Spearman r = 0.79) between EX and 
                         SE indicates the strong pressure exerted by external processes. An 
                         increase in EX (73.9% of the ILs) and in SE (64.8% of the ILs) in 
                         20112019 compared to 20012010 signals a worrying rise in 
                         vulnerability recently. We advise the adoption of policies by the 
                         State, such as combating illegal activities, and strengthening 
                         National Policy for Environmental and Territorial Management of 
                         ILs. Herein, our vulnerability quantification can prioritize help 
                         to certain ILs, and the understanding of the contribution of the 
                         underlying dimensions can direct these policies, possibly 
                         according to the vulnerability profile of each IL.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.envsci.2021.12.005",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.12.005",
                 issn = "1462-9011",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Rorato_environmental_2022.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "03 maio 2024"
}